STarT Back Trial

• Hill J, D Whitehurst, Lewis M, Bryan S, Dunn K, Foster N, Konstantinou, Main C, Mason E, Somerville S, Sowden G, Vohora K, Hay E. A randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of stratified primary care management for low back pain compared with current best practice: The STarT Back trial.The Lancet, Volume 378, Issue 9802, Pages 1560 – 1571, 29 October 2011 link
• E Hay, K Dunn, J Hill, M Lewis, E Mason, K Konstantinou, G Sowden, S Somerville, K Vohora, D Whitehurst and C Main. A randomised clinical trial of subgrouping and targeted treatment for low back pain compared with best current care. The STarT Back Trial Study Protocol . BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders April 2008, 9:58 link
• Whitehurst DG, Bryan S, Lewis M, Hill J, Hay EM. Exploring the cost-utility of stratified primary care management for low back pain compared with current best practice within risk-defined subgroups. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 71(11): 1796-802. link
• Main C, Hill J, Sowden G and Watson P. Integrating physical and psychosocial approaches to treatment in low back pain. The development and content of the Keele STarT Back trial’s “high risk” intervention (StarTBack; ISRCTN 37113406). Physiotherapy 2011 link

IMPaCT study

• Foster N, Mullis R, Hill J, Lewis M, Whitehurst D, Doyle C, Konstantinou K, Main C, Somerville S, Sowden G, Wathall S, Young J, Hay E. Effect of Stratified Care for Low Back Pain in Family Practice (IMPaCT Back): A Prospective Population-Based Sequential Comparison. Ann Fam Med March/April 2014 vol. 12 no. 2 102-111 link
• Sowden G, Hill JC, Konstantinou K, Khanna M, Main C, Salmon P, Somerville S, Wathall S, Foster N. Subgrouping for targeted treatment in primary care for low back pain: the treatment system and clinical training programmes used in the IMPaCT Back study (ISRCTN 55174281) Family Practice 2011 link
• Foster NE, Mullis R, Young J, Doyle C, Lewis M, Whitehurst D, Hay EM; IMPaCT Back Study team. IMPaCT Back study protocol. Implementation of subgrouping for targeted treatment systems for low back pain patients in primary care: a prospective population-based sequential comparison. BMC Musculoskeletal Discord 2010; 20(11): 186. link

STarT Back Tool

• Hill JC, Dunn KM, Lewis M, Mullis R, Main CJ, Foster NE, et al. A primary care back pain screening tool: identifying patient subgroups for initial treatment. Arthritis Rheum 2008;59(5):632–41 link
• Jonathan C. Hill *, Kate M. Dunn, Chris J. Main, Elaine M. Hay. Subgrouping low back pain: A comparison of the STarT Back Tool with the Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire. Eur J. Pain 2009; doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.01.003 link
• Gusi N, Del Pozo-Cruz B, Olivares PR, Hernandez-Mocholi M, Hill JC. The Spanish version of the “STarT Back Screening Tool” (SBST) in different subgroups. Aten Primaria 2010 link
• Hill et al. Comparing the STarT Back Screening Tool’s Subgroup Allocation of Individual Patients With That of Independent Clinical Experts. Clinical Journal of Pain: 2010 – Volume 26 – Issue 9 – pp 783-787 link
• Morsø L, Albert H, Kent P, Manniche C, Hill J. Translation and discriminative validation of the STarT Back Screening Tool into Danish. Eur Spine J. 2011 Dec;20(12):2166-73. Epub 2011 Jul 19. link
• Olivier Bruyere, Maryline Demoulin, Clara Brereton, Fabienne Humblet, Daniel Flynn, Jonathan C Hill, Didier Maquet, Julien Van Beveren, Jean-Yves Reginster, Jean-Michel Crielaard and Christophe Demoulin. Translation validation of a new back pain screening questionnaire (the STarT Back Screening Tool) in FrenchArchives of Public Health, 70:12 (07 Jun 2012) link
• Nadine E Foster, Johannes R Anema, Dan Cherkin, Roger Chou, Steven P Cohen, Douglas P Gorss, Paulo H Ferreria, Julie M Fritz, Bart W Koes, Wilco Peul, Judith A Turner, Chris G Maher. Prevention and treatment of low back pain: evidence, challenges, and promising directions. The Lancet. Link

Stratified Care

• Hill J, Try F, Agnew G, Saywell N. Perspectives and experiences of physiotherapists and general practitioners in the use of the STarT Back Tool: a review and meta-synthesis. J Prim Health Care. 2022 Jun;14(2):164-172. doi: 10.1071/HC21069 PMID: 35771704.
• Croft P, Hill JC, Foster NE, Dunn KM, van der Windt DA. Stratified health care for low back pain using the STarT Back approach: Holy Grail or doomed to fail? Pain. 2024 Jul 18. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003319. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39037849.
• Ogbeivor C, Elsabbagh L. Management approach combining prognostic screening and targeted treatment for patients with low back pain compared with standard physiotherapy: A systematic review & meta‐analysis. Musculoskeletal Care, 2021 link
• Hill JC. The early identification of patients with complex back pain problems. The Back Care Journal. Spring 2010. link
• Hill JC, Fritz JM. Psychosocial influences on low back pain, disability, and response to treatment. Phys Ther. 2011;91:712–721 link
• Fritz JM, Beneciuk JM, George SZ. Relationship between categorization with the STarT Back Screening Tool and prognosis for people receiving physical therapy for low back pain. Phys Ther. 2011;91:722–732 link
• Alice Kongsted, Else Johannesen and Charlotte Leboeuf-Yde. Feasibility of the STarT back screening tool in chiropractic clinics: a cross-sectional study of patients with low back pain. Chiropractic & Manual Therapies 2011, 19:10 doi:10.1186/2045-709X-19-10 link
• Fritz JM, Beneciuk JM, George SZ. Relationship between categorization with the STarT Back Screening Tool and prognosis for people receiving physical therapy for low back pain. Phys Ther 2011;91:722–732. link
• del Pozo-Cruz B, Parraca JA, del Pozo-Cruz J, Adsuar JC, Hill JC, Gusi N. 2012. An occupational, internet-based intervention to prevent chronicity in sub-acute lower back pain: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. vol. 44(7), 581-587. link
• Hill JC, Foster NE, Hay EM. 2010. Cognitive behavioural therapy shown to be an effective and low cost treatment for subacute and chronic low-back pain, improving pain and disability scores in a pragmatic RCT. Evid Based Med, vol. 15(4), 118-119. link
• Field J, Newell D. Relationship between STarT Back Screening Tool and prognosis for low back pain patients receiving spinal manipulative therapy. Chiropr Man Therap. 2012 Jun 12;20(1):17. link
• Beneciuk JM, Bishop MD, Fritz JM, Robinson ME, Asal NR, Nisenzon AN, George SZ. The STarT Back Screening Tool and Individual Psychological Measures: Evaluation of Prognostic Capabilities for Low Back Pain Clinical Outcomes in Outpatient Physical Therapy Settings. Phys Ther. 2012 Nov 2. link
• Wideman TH, Hill JC, Main CJ, Lewis M, Sullivan MJ, Hay EM. Comparing the responsiveness of a brief, multidimensional risk screening tool for back pain to its unidimensional reference standards: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Pain. 2012 Nov;153(11):2182-91. link
• N Foster & A Delitto. Embedding Psychosocial Perspectives Within Clinical Management of Low Back Pain: Integration of Psychosocial Informed Management Principles into Physical Therapist Practice – Challenges and Opportunities. Physical Therapy 2011. link
• Kongsted A, Johannesen E, Leboeuf-Yde C. Feasibility of the STarT Back Screening Tool in chiropractic clinics: A cross-sectional study of patients with low back pain. Chiropr Man Therap. 2011;19(1):10. link
• C Main & S George. Psychologically informed practice for management of low back pain: future directions in practice and research. Physical Therapy 2011. link

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